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The causes and evolution of winter polynyas north of Greenland are investigated using the limited weather station and remotely sensed sea ice data together with output from the fully coupled Regional Arctic System Model, including one hindcast and two ensemble simulations. We find that the extreme atmospheric wind forcing is primarily responsible for sea ice redistribution and transport offshore

While there are several sources of ice-forming particles in the atmosphere, sea spray aerosols

aerosols

Small particles or droplets, such as wildfire smoke, volcanic gases, or salty sea spray, that float in the air. They are emitted by both natural events and human activities.

Source: NASA Global Climate Change Source

(SSAs) are recognized as a significant source of ice-nucleating particles

ice-nucleating particles

Tiny specks of material suspended in the air that act as starting points for the formation of ice crystals in clouds.

Source: PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Source

(INPs). But what SSAs are composed of, how they affect cloud formation, and how they may affect climate remains an important question for atmospheric scientists.

Output from 58 realizations from a wide range of CMIP6 generation ESMs is used to derive projections of spatiotemporal characteristics of key internal climate modes. NAM, SAM, and ENSO tend to evolve towards the increased prevalence of the positive phase. The degree to which modes change scale with skill in the contemporary period (generally smaller for higher skill) and radiative forcing.

A derecho is a severe and long-lasting windstorm that travels in a straight line. They are often associated with a fast-moving mesoscale convective system.

mesoscale convective system (MCS)

A collection of thunderstorms that act as a system. An MCS can spread across an entire state and may appear as a solid line, a broken line, or a cluster of cells that can last more than 12 hours.

Source: NOAA Source

While not as common as tornadoes or hurricanes, derechos can cause significant damage to both life and property. Understanding how derechos respond to climate change

climate change

A change in the average conditions — such as temperature and rainfall — in a region over a long period of time.

Source: NASA Climate Kids Source

is important for infrastructure planning.

The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is the newest member of the CONsortium on Nuclear sECurity Technologies (CONNECT). The primary goal of CONNECT, led by the University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), is to educate and train next-generation professionals, expanding the innovation envelope of nuclear security.

Of the mechanisms proposed for how aerosols might invigorate storms, the observational evidence on supersaturation makes the warm-phase mechanism unlikely. In the "warm-phase invigoration mechanism," extra particles of air pollution release latent heat sooner, making updrafts more buoyant and faster. But is the supersaturation in clouds big enough to drive this effect?

Jeremy Lilly, Oregon State University, SCGSR 2021 S1 (BER) investigated in collaboration with Drs. Mark Petersen and Giacomo Capodaglio at Los Alamos National Laboratory the use of local time-stepping (LTS) schemes in the DOE ocean model MPAS-Ocean to increase computational efficiency. The SCGSR program provided access to the world class computing resources that made this work possible, and helped to foster professional connections with national laboratory experts.

Usually, plants have the upper hand against any kind of biomass

biomass

Material that comes from living things, including trees, crops, grasses, and animals and animal waste. Some kinds of biomass, such as wood and biofuels, can be burned to produce energy.

Source: EPA Global Climate Change Source

breakdown. They’ve spent millions of years evolving tactics against potential threats. “Because plants can’t run away, they’ve evolved these really tough cell wall materials that keep microbes

microbe

Microbes are tiny living things that are found all around us and are too small to be seen by the naked eye. They live in water, soil, and in the air.

Source: NIH Source

— and the enzymes that would be produced by microorganisms — out,” said JGI user/collaborator Michelle O’Malley.

After a successful start, the Data4All bridge workshop series co-developed by Argonne and the University of Chicago has received funding for two more years of programming. Computer science. Statistics. Math. These are just some of the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields that data science relies on. In turn, data drives almost everything in science.

In this short video, UC Merced undergraduate and graduate students share how their summer internship experiences have influenced their careers in science. Hear more about what they learned from working with their JGI mentors, what challenges they overcame, and what new skill sets they look forward to taking back to school.

To better model microbial growth, a team of researchers developed a revised dynamic energy budget model (rDEB) that represents reserve dynamics using equilibrium chemistry approximation (ECA) kinetics. The rDEB model is consistent with a single biochemical reaction and growth of microbial populations. The rDEB model also includes several widely used microbial models as special cases.

We examine output from a suite of thirty-six CMIP6 models to quantify the impacts of climate warming on deep ocean circulation, as reflected in the overturning rates of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) circulates water from north to south and back in a long cycle within the Atlantic Ocean. This circulation brings warmth to various parts of the globe and also carries nutrients necessary to sustain ocean life.

Source: NOAA Source

(AMOC) and the Southern Meridional Overturning Circulation (SMOC). We then study how climate-driven slowing of both AMOC and SMOC impacts ocean anthropogenic CO2

carbon dioxide (CO2)

An important heat-trapping gas, also known as a greenhouse gas, that comes from the extraction and burning of fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, and natural gas), from wildfires, and natural processes like volcanic eruptions.

Source: NASA Source

uptake.